Throughout the text “ The death of an author” Barthes goes on to talk about how the idea of an author is this socially constructed version in which the author is a product of our modern society. Barthes acknowledges that an author is connected to the book through direct relation in where “ he exists before it, thinks, suffers, lives for it, is in the same relation of antecedence to his work as a father to his child” (1270).  Although Barthes represents the clear relationship between the author and their book, he does it in a way where he replaces author and book with scriptor and text. Barthes uses the term “scriptor” and “text” throughout the piece “The death of an author” rather than the customary “author” and “book” because as Barthes explains it, in the modern terms of writing the author is removed from the book not physically but in a sense where it becomes just the scriptor and the text. When talking about the death of an author he explains that the voice of an author starts to loose its origin and in that way the author in turn enters their death (1268). This could be interpreted by saying that through the metaphoric death that an author goes through occurs when there becomes a slight personal disconnect between the author and what they are writing therefore turning the author and the book into just the scriptor and the text. There is no more personal connection between the two and the author no longer feels a strong personal connection to the piece that they are writing resulting in it just simply being text. Barthes explains the direct relationship had between an author and their words and explains how it goes from personal to just something that they are writing. The author is no longer confiding in us and there is no longer an explanation of the work being presented to the reader. According to Barthes the readers role changes once we recognize “the death of the author” by forcing the leaders to let themselves be “ fooled no longer by the arrogant antiphrastical recriminations of good society in favor of the very thing it sets aside, ignores, smothers, or destroys” ( 1272). Through the idea that the “reader is the space on which all the quotations following that make up a writing are inscribed” Barthes means that the reader holds up the text in which the reader is the one that puts the text together following the “death of an author”.

As we are reading more about Friedrich Nietzsche and his critiques, writing and ideas about the concept of “truth”, I am learning more about how to view many aspects of history in a different perspective. Like in many languages, writing is also influenced by traditional morality and religion and history has affected that a lot.

There is a part where Nietzsche mentions truth is subjective and is also influenced by our experiences, cultural backgrounds and our own point of view. Understanding this truth is not always the best possible option when it comes to individual opinions. Therefore, just because we claim something to be the truth, doesn’t mean it necessarily is, because it may have been shaped in some way by our personal experiences or purpose to hide certain actions. I find this to probably be a smart approach to many arguments that are thrown around on important topics such as politics, historical events, crime, certain behaviors. That is because I believe everyone has the right to double check how valid this information is and whether it’s good enough to allow a bigger group of people to believe a single person.

Nietzsche described perspectivism as an idea without an objective truth, but with multiple interpretations on the world. He believed that this diversity of thoughts and perspectives was to be embraced and appreciated for what it was. New ideas and ways of understanding our world are some good aspects of people being open enough to accept this kind of diversity. I noticed reason and logic being two of the things that could possibly limit these perspectives, however, he tells us that we shouldn’t be limited to those when trying to understand the environment around us or people speaking about a certain experience. Our own feelings, the unexpected standards of beauty and more things about our world can be a good source to get started when looking for the truth. There are a lot of things that us as humans can’t give an answer to. I feel like this can be one of the reasons why not everything deserves to have a truth to them, but yet to remain a mystery among us, so that we can explore the possibilities of something being true through our expression of emotions and good or bad experiences throughout life.

In conclusion, writing about the truth is a big challenge to the traditional idea of truth and gives us an opportunity to look at the world in a new perspective. Nietzsche believed that embracing the multiple perspectives of seeing something, a piece of information, a part of our life, etc. is essential to us if we want to get closer to accessing that truth.

According to Barthes in his essay “Eiffel Tower” the “mobilization” of the structure’s symbolism in modern culture is merely the tipping point of its power. In line with Saussurean traditions, he argues that while semiology is present everywhere, The Eiffel Tower in particular represents a sort of limit case in its capacity to “transgress [the] separation, [the] habitual divorce of seeing and being seen” inherent within the signified-signifier binary. Unlike the classic example of the arbre, whose signifieds are multifaceted (think Oak or Willow or Rollins), the Tower, Barthes claims, acts as a “virtually empty – sign…ineluctable because it means everything.” He points to how the structure can be seen everywhere – both physically when in Paris (where its looming presence is practically inescapable) but also within the psychological mindscape of the culture who can’t seem to isolate the physical Tower from its association with the City of Lights. He continues to abstract the monument further, pointing to certain phenomena involved when one visits the structure. Seemingly, one can be both within and without of its interior; at any given time, it is simultaneously empty and full; crucially, the Tower permits us to “see things in their structure.” What are those things Barthes is talking about, though?

Well, he speaks of the ways in which the Tower grants the viewer a “euphoric vision” of Paris, the physical place. This process of topographical “reconstitution” which occurs atop its viewing deck allows one to “plunge into the mysteries of time,” rendering the metropolis as somewhere “conquerable” “owned” – understood, in short. It would seem that above all, the vantage point allows for a structural reading on the thing which is right in front of the viewer: the city itself. Plainly, the Tower renders Paris as a text to be read… And vice-versa. The Towers’ extremity as a “pure signifier” complicates immensely and in fascinating ways when paired with the work of Genette. Just as much as the Tower is the “universal symbol of Paris” I’d argue it is the City (spatially and temporally) which holds the essential, paratextual-character of the Tower’s singular, enigmatic allure.

When Genette writes that the “location of [a] text” and its “temporal situation” have massive implications on the ways in which a piece is interpreted by its reader, we can apply a similar framework to that of the Tower. What happens when the Eiffel Tower is placed in the middle of Kansas? Better yet, the middle of a field with no historical, state, or cultural affiliations? Does it retain its “mythic” status? Barthes himself recognizes the Tower as a symbol of “modernity” “nineteenth century” and as a “Parisian statement” with all of its loaded connotations of romanticism, aestheticism, historicity, and cultural magnificence. So, in the case of the Tower, it seems that one must also consider the “book” that the “text” is embedded in as it does not stand in isolation from its geographical or historical positioning. So, I might rub up against this idea that one is “cut off from the world” high in the Tower. In fact, when climbing up the imminence of its transcendental abstraction, it’d be best not to forget how close one still remains to the ground.

Saussure’s approach in “From Course in General Linguistics,” teaches us linguistics in some different ways to understand language as a base on rules, “a social system”, not from one origin but through the principle of the “arbitrary,” which makes sense the desire to create meaning, the choosing of names for things, through our interpretation and intend of “nature of the signs.” The nature of the linguistic signs takes form and is founded when we invest in them, the sound image and the concept. Saussure’s theory is “The atom of language is the sign, which is functionally split into two parts: a signifier (sound-image) and a signified (concept), brought inseparably together like the two sides of a sheet of paper” (Saussure, 822). They are two different ways to look at and describe language or the semiotic world.

Saussure’s powerful model of the linguistic sign is composed of a signifier and a signified. The sound image according to Saussure is “the psychological imprint of the sound, the impression that it makes on our senses” (Saussure, 829), a fixed visual image of language accompanied by the synchronized sound of movements in speaking, the sum of a limited number of elements or phonemes that can in turn be called up by a corresponding number of written symbols which allow language to work. And the concept “immaterial,” is the individual mental construct, the free way I can speak to others in a society.

From the beginning of humanity, from the period of human being started to evolve, and the notion of communication was crucial to develop a society, our world became composed of thousands of cultures, hundreds of subcultures and tribes in each country, and even within a region in the same country. That is why language is a diversity of descriptions (signs), an arbitrary specific view and perception of each culture not on individual utterances. Where signs become a social building block of communication to express what we see in our own way unconsciously to then relate them to our familiar systems of conventions.

The sign is a recognizable bond of the association of the signifier with the signified, but this relationship is arbitrary because there is not necessarily any logical connection between the two, that is why there are different words, in different languages, for the same thing. In other words, the relationship between signifier and signified is made up of signs in different contexts.

Be sure to submit anything appropriate you have to the department’s annual awards. Cash money!!

Prizes & Awards

Every year the English Department offers a variety of prizes and awards for both undergraduate and graduate students. The prizes and awards program provides a wonderful opportunity for students to have their work recognized in the fields of literary analysis and criticism; linguistics and rhetoric; creative fiction, non-fiction, and poetry; personal essay; and drama.

Imagery has always been an essential aspect of communication and expression. In literature, imagery is used to create vivid and compelling visual representations in the reader’s mind, which can evoke emotions and convey meaning beyond words. Roland Barthes, recognized the significance of imagery in literature and explored its role in communication and interpretation in his essays “The Eiffel Tower” and “The Death of an Author.” In these essays, Barthes argues that imagery is not just a decorative element but an essential aspect of a text that contributes to its meaning and interpretation.

In “The Eiffel Tower,” Barthes examines the iconic Parisian landmark and its representation in popular culture. He argues that the Eiffel Tower is not just a physical structure but a cultural symbol that transcends its physical form. The tower represents a specific cultural imaginary, which is constructed through its repeated representation in photographs, postcards, and other forms of media. Barthes argues that the Eiffel Tower is not just a physical object but a sign, which refers to a specific cultural meaning that has been constructed through repeated representation.

Similarly, in “The Death of an Author,” Barthes explores the role of imagery in literature and its impact on interpretation. He argues that a text is not just a product of its author’s intention but a product of the reader’s interpretation. The reader’s interpretation of a text is shaped not only by the author’s intention but also by the cultural, historical, and personal context of the reader. Barthes argues that the author’s intention is not the only source of meaning in a text and that a text can have multiple interpretations based on the reader’s context and perspective.

Barthes’ ideas have significant implications for the way we understand and interpret literature. He challenges the traditional view that a text has a single, fixed meaning that is determined by the author’s intention. Instead, Barthes argues that a text is open to multiple interpretations based on the reader’s context and perspective. This view recognizes the importance of imagery in literature, as it is through imagery that the reader’s imagination is engaged, and the text’s meaning is constructed.

Imagery also plays an essential role in creating a connection between the reader and the text. By evoking emotions and creating vivid visual representations in the reader’s mind, imagery can make the text more engaging and accessible to the reader. For example, when reading a description of a beautiful landscape, the reader’s imagination is triggered, and they can picture the scene in their mind. As Professor Allred once said “When I say tree, your mind goes “poof” TREE!” This connection between the reader and the text helps to make the experience of reading more immersive and meaningful.

In conclusion, Roland Barthes’ essays “The Eiffel Tower” and “The Death of an Author” highlight the significance of imagery in literature and its impact on interpretation and meaning. Barthes argues that imagery is not just a decorative element but an essential aspect of a text that contributes to its meaning and interpretation. He also recognizes the role of imagery in creating a connection between the reader and the text, which makes the experience of reading more immersive and meaningful.

We recently learned about Saussure’s explanation of linguistics, the value of words and signification too. He is considered to have played a very important role in linguistics as a field. His theories are well thought and organized to be able to notice that kind of impact on the language studying.

One of these explanations is the way we perceive words, how we understand them, and theorizing over the reasons why different languages have separate sounds and words about the same things. There really isn’t a known truth or fact behind them, but the fact that the meanings are socially agreed upon. In the book we read about the signifier, which is the physical aspect of the sign and the signified, which is the meaning that is related to the signifier. There is no natural connection between the sound of a word and its meaning. An example of that is how there is no reason why a word like “owl” should refer to a creature with feathers.

One of the other points he makes that I find very interesting is the idea of not looking at words as just labels to put on certain things. Instead, Saussure describes them as vehicles for thought, in the sense that they can shape our perception of these objects in different ways. The concept of time can be taken as an example. Time is seen as a progress from the past to the present, and then to the future. We use words such as “yesterday”, “today” and “tomorrow” to define them. I do believe there can be a lot more psychological connections to these “tools” of communication.

Saussure’s conclusions are good enough to influence the reader’s  perspective and impact the way we think about language. The importance of understanding language as a system is brought up multiple times, because it gives more meaning to the perception of words as part of a bigger group, rather than a single thing that has no relation to other parts of the language. This way our thought process is also driven to connect the dots on how there’s a lot of things that affect the language.

The relationship between signs and symbols are merely concepts of a reality that does not exist. The human mind seeks elucidation of particular instruments in the materiality of the universe. However, the notional idea of objects and ideas are an illusion that was created to communicate and associate abstraction with significance. In relation to semiotics, or the study of signs and symbols, Saussure characterizes the interpretation of language as a social phenomenon in which “langue” and “parole” construct a system of understatement in society. Langue is the term which describes the role of language in civilization whereas parole is the actual use of language that is individual and free. Saussure connects this ideology to the concept of the signifier and the signified. The signifier is the physical form of sound and letters that are related to an object or concept. The signified is the mental image that represents that very thing. There is no relationship between concepts and the physical form of the word itself. The creation of words is simply arbitrary. Although the signifier assists humans to communicate and recognize, the use of a designated word is what separates the independent thing from its unique endowment to the universe. The division of a unique title and the subject is ironically the cause of insignificance. When observing the existence of a focused being, that initial reaction toward it is what gives it value and acknowledges its contribution to the world through distinction. Though, in order to exchange a set of words and ideas, one must give in to the power of langue. In this predicament, the authority of language deprives an individual from forming their own perspective and isolated experience. There is no equilibrium in which langue and parole have equal authority. Language is what ignites community but disposes the importance of an original experience of expression and cognition. Despite having syntagmatic relations that align with the same ideas, words and descriptions are still not able to signify the initial response to encounters that are unrepeatable. The appellations of nature or other things that carry several various characteristics and images put mankind in solitude. This links to Nietzsche’s ideology that language differentiates society from completely unordinary interpretations of reality. In closing, language is the executor of individuality yet no faction would survive without it. The real analysis of concepts would mean nothing with language but no other would be able to understand without it.